Section II has attempted to study this subject by combining a theological approach with direct practical applications. In this we were guided by the Study Paper by Andre Dumas, the introductory paper by Professor Arce, and the theological wisdom of our chair, Professor Esser.

We recognize that we have to follow Scripture in relating theological truth to concrete situations, as Paul did. Reformed tradition confirms this: the Heidelberg Catechism makes it clear that we may blaspheme God by silence as well as by speech. Therefore we began by discussing Question 2 suggested by Professor Arce: "How do the powers of oppression manifest themselves?"

We agree that such powers are the outcome of human greed and selfishness, and that they are usually supported by complex networks of economic, political and other forces, which may themselves be graceless powers. Turning to particular examples, moving testimony to the suffering caused by tyranny and injustice was given by delegates from Taiwan and Korea, where the Presbyterian churches have made courageous witness. Delegates also speak of the situation in Egypt, the Philippines, Latin America, and other areas. Where the church has been faithful to its mission, church leaders are often in prison, persecuted or tortured.

We propose that the executive committee make representations to the authorities in Taiwan and Korea on behalf of those unjustly imprisoned.

But the main thrust of our discussions has been towards the situation in South Africa. Our section has reflected upon the many resolutions reported by churches at the plenary hearing on South Africa on Friday afternoon, 20th August. For the sake of the integrity of the gospel, the section brings forward the following resolution (passed by a vote of 70:2 with 1 abstention), which we make not as judges but with confidence in the grace and power of God:

We feel a special responsibility to denounce the sin of racism in South Africa as expressed in apartheid (or "separate development"): It is institutionalized in the laws, policies and structures of the nation; it has resulted in horrendous injustice, suffering, exploitation, and degradation of millions of black Africans for whom Christ died; and it has been given a moral and theological justification by the white Dutch Reformed churches of South Africa who are members of our Alliance and with whom we share a common theological heritage in the Reformed tradition.

We deeply regret that continued dialogue between several Reformed communions and the NGK and NHK for over 20 years has not resulted in any significant change in the position of the white Dutch Reformed churches.

Therefore, we reluctantly and painfully feel compelled to suspend the NGK and NHK white churches from the privileges of full membership (that is, the right to vote and hold office), but urge them to continue full participation in all Alliance events so that they might experience an inclusive fellowship and hear the continued witness of their sisters and brothers in the Reformed family.

They will be warmly welcomed once more only when the following changes have taken place:

Black Christians are no longer excluded from church services, especially from holy communion.
Concrete support in word and deed is given for those who suffer under the system of apartheid ("separate development").
Unequivocal synod resolutions are made which reject apartheid in the spheres of church and politics.

We hereby authorize the executive committee of the general council to determine when such conditions have been met.